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19. Tundra (mainly herbaceous or with low shrubs)
(Corresponds to Olson et al. tundra).
References directly cited in these pages (does not at present include secondary citations)
(Subdivisions used here; 19a = 'dryer' and montane sparse tundra 19b ='moister' dense tundra)
19a = 5 tC/ha vegetation, 50 tC/ha soils = 55 tC/ha 19b= 10 tC/ha vegetation, 200 tC/ha soils = 210 tC/ha.Tundra vegetation occurs where the climate is too cold for trees to grow, in the high arctic but also on mountains. In the moister edaphic conditions (19a) that occur in the low arctic or on fairly low-angle slopes on mountains, a well-developed organic layer resembling a peat (but too thin to be classified as such) is often present (Walter 1971). In the colder and drier climates of the extreme north, and on most mountains (due to a combination of rapid drainage and poor soil development) the tundra is sparser with no peaty layer present (19b), except in the moist oceanic climates.
Litter;
No data are available.
Vegetation;
Storage (tC/ha) Location/type Author(s) 8 tC/ha (1.) Alpine tundra Olson et al. (1983) 5 tC/ha (2.) High arctic tundra Olson et al. (1983) 10 tC/ha (3.) Low arctic tundra Olson et al. (1983) 0.23 tC/ha Montane tundra & polar deserts Duvigneaud (s.) 20 tC/ha (4.) Bogs Olson et al. (1983)
(1.) Based on a global literature review. 1 tC/ha (low)-8 (medium)-15 (high) tC/ha.
(2.) From global review of literature. 1 (low) - 5 (medium) - 12 (high) tC/ha.
(3.) From global review. 6 (low) - 10 (medium) - 12 (high) tC/ha.
(4.) This probably includes a woody component from wooded bogs.
Conclusions; For the sparser tundra types (19a) of the higher arctic and also on the well-drained slopes of mountains, a value of 5 tC/ha is suggested. For denser tundra (19b), including shrub and grassy types, an overall value of 10 tC/ha is suggested.
Soil
Storage (tC/ha) Location/type Author(s) 31 tC/ha (1.) Dry tundra Zinke et al. (1985) 109 tC/ha (2.) Moist tundra Zinke et al. (1985) 207 t/ha/c (3.) Wet tundra Zinke et al. (1985) 366 t/ha/c (4.) Rain tundra Zinke et al. (1985) 204 tC/ha (5.) Tundra Schlesinger (1985)
(1.) Classified by Zinke et al. according to Holdridge (1967) scheme. 125 mm or less annual rainfall, biotemperature 1.5-3 °C. Based on 5 samples, all from North America. SD = 2.2
(2.) 125-250 mm annual precipitation. Based on 12 samples, SD = 6.4. Biotemperature for all tundra types same as above.
(3.) 250-500mm annual precipitation. Based on 33 samples, SD = 16.0
(4.) Above 500m annual precipitation. Based on 8 samples, SD = 12.9
(5.) Based on global literature review. This estimate includes both wet and dry types of tundra, whilst excluding bogs.
Conclusions; For the sparser tundra types, a value of 50 tC/ha is suggested.
******************************************************************************************** *****************************************************************Introduction
This open woody type of vegetation is widespread in the present-day world in the tropics (and locally in the drier areas of the subtropics), but is often extensively altered by humans burning it and taking the wood for fuel, and grazing their animals on the undergrowth. Such woodland areas have probably been inhabited and deliberately burnt by humans for many thousands of years (especially in Africa). In earlier times large 'bulldozer' herbivores (Kortlandt 1982) such as elephants may have caused extensive degradation of this vegetation relative to its present state in which these herbivores are reduced by hunting, poaching or competition with smaller domesticated animals. However, pollen records indicate that woodland vegetation did in fact occur in roughly the same localities in Africa and elsewhere in the tropics in pre-neolithic times. The subtle changing role of various degradational factors, ancient and modern, must be guessed at when trying to make any reconstruction of past 'natural' carbon storage for this ecosystem.
Suggested summary values for the preanthropogenic state
| Storage (tC/ha) | Ecosystem component | |
| 7 tC/ha | Dead standing trees, coarse woody litter, leaf litter and other debris | |
| 70 tC/ha | Above and below-ground vegetation | |
| 70 tC/ha | Soil organic carbon | |
| 137 tC/h | Total carbon storage |
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Litter
| Storage (tC/ha) | Location | Author(s) | |
| 7 tC/ha (1.) | Coarse woody debris | Harmon pers. comm. |
(1.) ad hoc estimate
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Vegetation
| Storage (tC/ha) | Location | Author(s) | |
| 30 tC/ha | Tropical savanna and woodland | Olson et al. (1983) | |
| 70 tC/ha | Tropical dry forest & woodland | Olson et al. (1983) | |
| 50 tC/ha | Semi-arid woodland/low forest | Olson et al. (1983) | |
(1.) Based on global literature survey. 20 (low) - 30 (medium) - 50 (high) tC/ha. This estimate includes savannas, which are also dealt with as a separate category in the present data summary, and their inclusion would tend to 'dilute down' the carbon storage for woodland. Hence the true carbon storage of woodland vegetation taken alone might be higher than the figures given in this range.
(2.) For tropical dry forest and woodland, described as 'mostly drought deciduous' and in the overall category of 'woodland/savanna/tall scrub', the values are 20-40-90 tC/ha in vegetation. The medium value of 70 tC/ha may be the most accurate, considering that even in the preagricultural state these woodlands were subject to frequent disturbance by fire or by large herbivores.
(3.) 20 (low) - 50 (medium) -100 (high-side estimate) tC/ha in vegetation estimated by Olson et al. This category may not be expressly tropical however, coming under their category of 'other dry woodlands'.
Conclusion; a figure of 70 tC/ha is accepted here for the vegetation component, given that 'woodland' usually refers to relatively high densities of trees.
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Soil
| Storage (tC/ha) | Location | Author(s) | |
| 60 tC/ha (1.) | Tropical savanna and woodlands | Zinke et al. (1984) | |
| 112 tC/ha (2.) | Seasonally dry tropical woodland | Zinke et al. (1984) | |
| 70 tC/ha (3.) | Tropical woodlands and savannas | Schlesinger (1985) | |
| 60 tC/ha (4.) | Tropical woodland, Kenya | Turay & Hall (in press) | |
| 32 tC/ha (4.) | Tropical woodland, Kenya. | Turay & Hall (in press) | |
| 69 tC/ha (5.) | Tropical very dry forest | Zinke et al. (1984) |
(1.) 69 samples, SD = 4.5. Confusingly, this includes savannas, which probably differ quite significantly in soil carbon storage from woodlands (e.g. some savannas have very rich chernozem-like soils).
(2.) 22 samples, SD = 5.3. Probably in fact refers partly to monsoon/dry forests (all the samples are from South America or Asia, none from Africa).
(3.) Based on literature survey, Again, includes savannas in with the woodlands.
(4.) This estimate is based on 7 samples, all of which are at 20, 30 or 40 tC/ha except one sample from a humic nitrosol which falls at 220 tC/ha. The resulting average of 60 tC/ha is thus weighted heavily by this one anomalous value. I suggest that this very high value represents a pocket of wet soil conditions (e.g. an ox-bow) that is unrepresentative of the woodland environment in general. Thus, this value is excluded and an average taken from the remaining values. The resulting preferred value from Turay & Hall's data is 32 tC/ha.
(5) Based on a global survey of 124 samples, SD = 4.9 . This is from the Holdridge category between 1000 and 500mm annual precipitation and a biotemperature above 23°C. Roughly speaking, this would seem to apply to typical tropical woodland environments (Walter 1971). The number of samples here, and the fact that the limits on the samples category seem to fall fairly close to what most would regard as being 'tropical woodland', make this value a good candidate for the woodland category.
Conclusion; A figure of 70 tC/ha is suggested for the soil organic reservoir, mainly on the basis of the Zinke et al. value for tropical 'very dry forest', but higher than the Kenyan soil value.